華泰宏觀:美聯儲平息加息疑慮,6月开始削減縮表

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北京時間5月2日(周四)凌晨,聯儲5月FOMC決議將基准利率維持在5.25%-5.5%區間;縮表方面,如我們在5月FOMC預覽中的預期,聯儲6月开始將月度縮表上限從950億美元(600億國債+350億MBS)放緩至600億美元(250億國債+350億MBS),超過MBS上限的本金收入將再投資到國債市場在新聞發布會上,鮑威爾表示即使通脹不再下降,聯儲也會保持利率在目前水平繼續觀察,而再次加息可能性低(unlikely)。我們解讀如下:

總體而言,聯儲5月決議基本符合市場預期,但鮑威爾在發布會上的表態偏鴿派。對市場而言,本次FOMC最重要的效果是“收窄了”聯儲可能政策路徑的路徑猜測,從此前包括加息在內、較爲“發散”的路徑假設回到“分歧僅在降息時點上”。鮑威爾表示對1季度通脹數據的反復不宜過分解讀,同時,強調薪資通脹趨勢性回落、及房租通脹將繼續下行,仍預期今年通脹將回落。截至北京時間凌晨7:30,相較於會前,9月降息的概率微降至65%;2年期和10年期美債收益率分別回落4bp和2bp至4.96%和4.63%(圖表1)。考慮到美國此後的大選議程我們認爲,目前市場計入的降息路徑可能是“7月开始降息兩次”和“不降息”這兩種分歧較大(binary)的可能性加權平均的結果,聯儲傾向仍然偏鴿,最終哪種路徑更有可能發生將取決於4-5月的通脹走勢。

增長方面,聯儲對增長前景仍然較爲積極,鮑威爾強調存在軟着陸的可能性。鮑威爾表示,盡管GDP數據不及預期,但對潛在需求指示意義更強的私人國內購买需求(GDP剔除存貨、政府購买和淨出口)維持2023年下半年以來的較強增長。盡管高利率對住房和設備投資有一定制約,但消費維持韌性,供給持續改善也對增長形成支撐。勞動力市場方面,就業仍然偏緊但勞工再平衡仍在持續:25-54歲勞動參與率持續改善以及移民持續流入推動勞工供給明顯增加,而名義工資增速放緩、崗位與就業缺口收窄顯示“勞工荒”或邊際緩解,但勞工需求仍超過供給。

通脹方面,鮑威爾承認近期通脹進展陷入停滯,但仍然預計未來通脹會回落。FOMC聲明中,聯儲新增了“最近幾個月通脹缺乏進一步進展(lack of further progress)”的表述。鮑威爾表示,一季度通脹高於預期,暗示去年年底的金融條件寬松可能是背後的原因。鮑威爾仍然預測今年通脹可能會降溫:例如工資增速持續放緩,住房通脹分項將滯後回落。通脹預期方面,鮑威爾表示,近期短期通脹預期有所加速,但中長期通脹預期仍然相對穩定。

往前看,貨幣政策可以總結爲,延遲降息的門檻不高,而加息的門檻很高。前者符合市場預期;後者緩解市場部分擔憂。鮑威爾表示,年初以來的數據通脹超預期,導致聯儲對通脹回到目標的信心有所下降,聯儲可能需要比之前預期更長的時間才能有足夠的信心降息,聯儲可能推遲降息。此外,鮑威爾認爲不太可能再次加息:當前的貨幣政策仍然具有限制性,經濟持續強勁,加上通脹進展持續停滯,只會導致美聯儲推遲降息;重新考慮加息需要有令人信服的證據來證明當前利率沒有足夠限制性,無法將通脹持續降至2%。聯儲降息前景取決於就業市場和通脹數據,例如勞動力市場出現實質性的、意想不到的疲軟以及通脹恢復去年的下降趨勢。

綜上,本次FOMC的信號中性略偏鴿,對市場而言,本次發布會最重要的效果是“收窄”了市場對此後聯儲路徑的猜測,基本排除了加息的可能性——雖然最後加權平均的降息預期改變不大,但這次會議減少了市場預期的多樣性,邊際降低了風險溢價。正如我們會前預測(《5月FOMC預覽:降息仍需觀察,但或宣布Taper》,2024/4/28),近期聯儲推遲降息預期是對一季度偏高的增長和通脹數據合理和必然的反應,考慮到聯儲認爲目前政策已處於限制性區間,如果後續數據允許,聯儲仍有較強的意愿在今年开啓降息。鮑威爾這次的講話顯示,聯儲降息的兩種可能情形是就業市場出現實質性、超預期放緩以及通脹恢復下行趨勢。近期公布的就業數據顯示新增就業維持較強水平,但這可能和移民大量湧入的結構性變化有關,聯儲對此的敏感度可能下降(參見《美國:人口流入的宏觀影響不容小覷》,2024/4/21)。同時,聯儲更爲重視的薪資走勢顯示,就業市場整體仍在持續降溫。我們將密切關注明天(5月3日)發布的非農數據是否進一步驗證這一趨勢。考慮到美國此後的大選議程我們認爲,目前市場計入的降息路徑可能是“7月开始降息兩次”和“不降息”這兩種分歧較大(binary)的可能性加權平均的結果,聯儲傾向仍然偏鴿,最終哪種路徑更有可能發生將取決於4-5月的通脹走勢。若4-5月通脹能夠持續位於0.3%以下(即年化3%以下),7月降息仍然存在一定概率,但如果持續高於0.3%(年化3-4%),7月降息可能性較小。

風險提示:通脹粘性導致聯儲鷹派超預期,高利率導致美國金融風險暴露。

附錄:5月和3月FOMC聲明的對比

Recent indicators suggest that economic activity hasbeen expandingcontinued to expandat a solid pace. Job gains have remained strong, and the unemployment rate has remained low. Inflation has eased over the past year but remains elevated.In recent months, there has been a lack of further progress toward the Committee's 2 percent inflation objective.

The Committee seeks to achieve maximum employment and inflation at the rate of 2 percent over the longer run. The Committee judges that the risks to achieving its employment and inflation goalsare moving intohave moved towardbetter balanceover the past year. The economic outlook is uncertain, and the Committee remains highly attentive to inflation risks.

In support of its goals, the Committee decided to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 5-1/4 to 5-1/2 percent. In considering any adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee will carefully assess incoming data, the evolving outlook, and the balance of risks. The Committee does not expect it will be appropriate to reduce the target range until it has gained greater confidence that inflation is moving sustainably toward 2 percent. In addition, the Committee will continue reducing its holdings of Treasury securities and agency debt and agency mortgage backed securities, as described in its previously announced plans.Beginning in June, the Committee will slow the pace of decline of its securities holdings by reducing the monthly redemption cap on Treasury securities from $60 billion to $25 billion. The Committee will maintain the monthly redemption cap on agency debt and agency mortgage backed securities at $35 billion and will reinvest any principal payments in excess of this cap into Treasury securities. The Committee is strongly committed to returning inflation to its 2 percent objective.

In assessing the appropriate stance of monetary policy, the Committee will continue to monitor the implications of incoming information for the economic outlook. The Committee would be prepared to adjust the stance of monetary policy as appropriate if risks emerge that could impede the attainment of the Committee's goals. The Committee's assessments will take into account a wide range of information, including readings on labor market conditions, inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and financial and international developments.

Voting for the monetary policy action were Jerome H. Powell, Chair; John C. Williams, Vice Chair; Thomas I. Barkin; Michael S. Barr; Raphael W. Bostic; Michelle W. Bowman; Lisa D. Cook; Mary C. Daly; Philip N. Jefferson; Adriana D. Kugler; Loretta J. Mester; and Christopher J. Waller.


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